The Changing Same (Part 2) (Preview)

Preview of a post on Substack: a second book chapter (on jazz poetics), and a survey of the critical field--jazz/poetry, critical legacies, collective remembrance.

 

Fifteen years after Maryemma Graham and Jerry W. Ward edited The Cambridge History of African American Literature, and twelve since the publication of The Cambridge History of American Poetry, comes The Cambridge History of African American Poetry. Editor Keith Leonard had a chapter in on the first of these volumes, on Paul Laurence Dunbar: here he’s assembled a sweep of contributors to continue the story. My chapter in the new volume, a very small part of that story—available to subscribers as a PDF below—examines the relation between poetry and jazz via three poets: Bob Kaufman, Ted Joans, Jayne Cortez. 

I’ve written on these three writers in various other forums over the past few years. (An earlier draft of the chapter also featured Stephen Jonas, who I wrote about in David Buuck’s Tripwire and in my book on Boston and San Francisco queer poetry, Never By Itself Alone; I’m currently working on editing a volume of out-of-print Jonas work to be published along with other, long-delayed new titles by Materials.) Some of the ideas at play here also expand on a 2023 primer on jazz poetry for The Wire and a review of Bob Kaufman’s Collected Poems for Music and Literature, written back in 2020 in the early days of the covid pandemic. Last year, I got to expand on them a little bit in longform essays for The Poetry Foundation on Ted Joans and on Jayne Cortez, reviewing respectively Stephen Belletto’s Joans biography, Black Surrealist, and the Cortez Collected from Nightboat, Firespitter.

The chapter also relates to ongoing work on Archie Shepp’s performance(s) at PANAF in Algiers—where Joans joined him on stage. (I presented on this at the Jazz Futures conference in Amsterdam last year alongside Gabriel Bristow, presenting on Don Cherry, and Siyabonga Njica, presenting on Bloke Modisane). And in turn, it relates to work on Joans and Cortez presented at the International Surrealism conference in Paris the year before.

The Wire magazine feature on jazz/poetry from 2023.

Here’s how the argument goes, in brief. Within the general—which is to say vernacular, journalistic, numinous—understanding, my sense has often been that ‘jazz poetry’, like jazz criticism, is understood, if at all, as primarily a form in which white poets write about Black musicians: Kerouac or Ferlinghetti rather than Hughes or Kaufman or Cortez or Baraka or any number of African American poets—poets for whom The Music, as Baraka called it with that insistent capitalisation, was not simply inspiration or analogy for writing but a part of the very process and lifeblood of what writing itself is, but of how they understood themselves.

“Any given musical instance”, writes Phillip Brian Harper,

inevitably assumes an indexical function by which it signifies—refers to and so ‘is about’—the material factors from which it has arisen, whether these be the musician’s own physical state at the time of the performance or, more significantly, the prevailing social arrangements that have dictated the mode of the musical production itself. When those social factors are the same ones that have constituted the very people for whom the music in question is a recognized cultural legacy, then the music also effectively references that people, condensing genealogical information about the group that is in turn necessarily adduced as narrative whenever the cultural heritage is invoked.”

To separate jazz from poetry or poetry from jazz, one would have to tear them limb from limb.

This isn’t simply vitalism, any more than the idea of ‘natural rhythm’ has much purchase within the artificial, virtuosic, technical and constructed forms of Black abstractionism—to borrow Harper’s term—which invariably draws attention to its own means of production. Nor is this understanding necessarily separable from apparently vital notions such as ‘soul’—as explored, for instance, in Barbara Simmons’ collaboration with Jackie McLean in their recording of Simmons’ poem ‘Soul’, a poem published in the Baraka/Larry Neal anthology Black Fire. (“I was told that she wrote poems of high sun”, writes Edouard J. Manick in the preface to his 1967 Présence Africaine interview with Simmons. “Because I wrote these words”, says Simmons, “I feel them I believe them to the extent that I am, for that moment of recital, the poem itself.”)

Ted Joans, Bob Kaufman, and Jayne Cortez, so the argument of the chapter goes, “make jazz the self-conscious subject of their poems, a fulcrum with which to interrogate familiar knowns, including notions about jazz itself”. I approach each writer from a slightly different angle: Ted Joans through the framework of “vagabond internationalism”. drawing here in particular on Brent Hayes Edwards’ vital work in The Practice of Diaspora, along with Franklin Rosemont and Robin D.G. Kelley’s work on Afro-diasporic surrealism in the monumental anthology Black Brown and Beige. (The essay was drafted before I’d had a chance to read Belletto’s biography, and for biographical information I was much indebted to Michel Fabre’s still excellent work on Joans from the 1970s, among other that of other scholars like Paraska Tolan-Szkilnik, whose 2023 study Maghreb Noir deserves perhaps more attention than it’s thus far received.) The section on Joans focuses in particular on his appearance with Archie Shepp at the Pan African Festival in Algiers in 1969, and his declaration there, in his onstage poem-speech-song that “Jazz is a black power” and “an African music”. It focuses on what those statements might mean—which is, I argue, for Joans, via a metaphorical identification with the Tuareg people with whom he and Shepp performed onstage, “an African identity connected with an aesthetic of movement as much as of landed national belonging”. 

I approach Bob Kaufman, meanwhile, through the angle of listening: who listens, how they listen, how this shapes the way music—or a poem—gets made. John Lowney, Mona Lisa Saloy and Amor Kohli offer some important, sometimes contrasting, critical frameworks for understanding Kaufman’s poems on jazz—poems that often exist in a number of version over the years, in ongoing palimpsests, improvisations, graffiti in the pages of the book or the manuscript page burned up in the flames of the Dante Hotel or the white heat, white light of music’s metaphorical energy and the overhanging spectre of the mushroom cloud (“dropping bombs”), with jazz as “historically morphing life-force subject to (cultural) appropriation and available for use as a cultural weapon.”

More so even that Jonas and Kaufman, Jayne Cortez was in the music from the first: as Ornette Coleman’s first wife—and the person who introduced Coleman to Don Cherry—and Denardo Coleman’s mother; as mentor figure and organiser in the Los Angeles Black Arts scene; and then as bandleader-poet for decades with The Firespitters, one of the most dynamic of all jazz-poetry ensembles. Cortez said the following to D.H. Melhem and I think about it a lot since I first read it, in relation to Cortez’s work but also for what it might tell us about the work of poetry in general, its refusal of realism, the given, in the interests of a reality transformed.

I use dreams, the subconscious, and the real objects, and I open up the body and use the organs, and I sink them into words, and I ritualize and fuse them into events. I guess the poetry is like a festival. Everything can be transformed. The street becomes something else, the subway is something else, everything at a festival is disguised as something else. Everything changes [. . .] Voices become other voices.

The essay ends with an incantation of some of those other voices—the work of poets like Thulani Davis, Candace Hill Montgomery, Carolyn Rodgers, Gwendolyn Brooks, Nikki Giovanni, and Sonia Sanchez; Sarah Webster Fabio and Elouise Loftin and Julie Ezelle Patton and Jeanne Lee and Mahogany Browne; Ntozake Shange, Julia Fields, and Giovanni singleton; beyond not only a white canon but a male canon, the majority still writing and still vital.

As Ted Joans wrote on the walls of the Village, on the streets of the city:

As ever with this kind of writing, there’s a whole range of other work I drew on during the research, which this writing is in concert with. More on the critical field available to subscribers at Substack by following this link.

Stolen Moments, Broken Epics (Preview)

Preview of a subscriber post on Substack on Nellie Wong and Harmony Holiday.

In the past month, two articles of mine on two quite different poets appeared in The Poetry Foundation and the newly founded Hythe Review. This post goes into a bit more detail on the background to those pieces and serves as an additional tribute to the late Nellie Wong, who passed away earlier this year.

It’ll be followed in the next while by material relating relating to two further recent publications, on jazz poetics and on the relation between jazz and hip hop. More on those in due course.

Nellie Wong: Typing Back

Based in San Francisco for many years, Nellie Wong features in a chapter of my 2024 book on Boston and Bay Area queer poetry, Never By Itself Alone, focused on her comradeship with fellow poets and activists Merle Woo and Karen Brodine. Wong wrote of labour, of class struggle, of family history. Her first book appeared in the late 1970s, when Kelsey Street Press published Dreams in Harrison Railroad Park; her final book will appear posthumously in this new century, now moving beyond its first quarter.

Employed as a secretary, typing others’ words, Wong used her own poetry and prose to write back, to write over the words of bosses. To write, Wong reminds is, is also to be involved in labour—physical labour, or labour that removes traditional, hierarchical distinctions between intellectual and manual labour, that attempts to deny the workings of the mind within the workings of the body and of the body within the mind. Poetry, activism, and education were a way out of those frames and into herself, into the fullness of her own life, but using precisely the means of that gendered labour—the typewriter, reproducing the words of others as a way of reproducing oneself for a wage, become now a weapon, a way into words and language and struggle.

To type back, Wong discovered, is to fight back, to discover and invent, to transmit. There is a friction here, and it is this friction that poetry operates like a lever. To type back is not the current invisibilising process of automation, of Large Language Models which anticipate and erase waged labour without any alternative recompense. Rather than the erasure of bodies, such writing attests to their presence within the system, insisting on their agency, their potential for sabotage, and their own inherent worth.

An early draft of Nellie Wong’s ‘Stolen Moments’, published in the Freedom Socialist newspaper in Spring 1980. A revised version forms the title poem to Wong’s 1997 pamphlet.

Last year I was privileged to attend an online discussion with the socialist feminist organisation Radical Women. Wong was involved with both RW and the affiliated Freedom Socialist Party until her passing, and was there herself on the Zoom call. I was deeply honoured by her presence, and struck by her modesty. Here’s the conclusion to the Poetry Foundation piece:

An individual writer’s work makes a contribution toward something whose contours will exceed those of their own life. “You will not survive the work that still needs to be done,” Wong wrote back in 1981. “You will be gone when the questions of the future arise like wildflowers on the plains of this earth.” To write is to live, but also to accept death. Wong’s late poems reconcile themselves to transience in the belief that human struggle might build a better world. As she wrote in “Under Our Own Wings” in 1979:

If you begin I begin
If you sing I sing . . .
In death our bodies regress to the innocence of bones.
In love we work to live in America under our own wings.

---

Nellie Wong reading at the Generations of Power festival in 2022. Photograph © Mark Shigenaga, via The Oaklandside.

Beyond the introductory work of that article, readers should head straight to the source. There are multiple rare recordings of Wong available at the invaluable Archive.org, among them:

—a 1978 reading with Susan Griffin (including the unpublished dialogue ‘The Interrogation of Ms. Security-Runs-A-Risk’);

—speaking on Asian American writing for KPFA radio the following month;

—Allie Light’s 1981 film Mitsuye and Nellie: American Poets, featuring Wong and Mistuye Yamada, who is at the time of writing an astonishing 103 years old;

—reading her comrade Karen Brodine’s poems in Washington for Radical Women in 1991, as well as delivering a lecture on ‘Racism, Sexism, and War’;

—interviewed on the KMVT15 Community Media TV channel, in a programme entitled ‘A Banquet of Poems’;

—and speaking on family and creativity with her siblings Flo and William at the Headlands Center for the Arts in 1996.

Wong’s illuminating 2017 reading and conversation with Genny Lim at the San Francisco Poetry Center can also be accessed via the Poetry Center website. In July 20025, she read with the Laborfest Writers Group at Bird and Beckett Books: the full reading can be viewed on Youtube, as can the memorial reading held in January 2026. A lovingly-maintained website can also be found here. And the organisations with which Wong was involved—a part of her life just as important to her as her writing, and inseparable from it—can be found at their respective websites: Radical Women here and the Freedom Socialist Party here.

In these traces, in her work, in her impact on many lives, Nellie Wong lives on.

---

Harmony Holiday’s broken epic

Also just published, a review of the expanded UK edition of Harmony Holiday’s epic poem Maafa, on The 87 Press’s new open-access journal The Hythe Review. For those who don’t know, Holiday’s Substack, Black Music and Black Muses has been running for several years and documents her ongoing writing on music. But music suffuses almost everything Holiday writes: her essays, her ongoing biography of Abbey Lincoln, her collections of poetry.

Maafa’s soundtrack would be Prince; it would be Pharoah Sanders; it would be the music of Holiday’s father, Jimmy Holiday, of Billie Holiday, to name some of Holiday’s touchstones, those named within its pages and the pages of her other books. 

The rest of the post can be read by subscribers on Substack here.

Poetry + Music this Saturday

A relatively spontaneous announcement of a relatively spontaneous gig: this for a new quartet combining poetry and music, with myself (poetry), Andrea Burelli (voice, poetry, perhaps violin), Lucio Capece (bass clarinet), and Stellan Veloce (cello). It will happen at the Casino for Social Medicine at Sonnenallee 100, Berlin, on this coming Saturday, 16th May, at 19h.

As a trio, Stellan, Lucio and I worked together twice last year, and that was beautiful. (Their duo at a performance a few months before the first of those occasions, after which I approached them to work together, was even more beautiful). As a quartet with Andrea, we’ve done one rehearsal so far, and I think it’s entering a whole new dimension, which I’m very excited about.

Also reading will be Tracy Fuad. And I’m excited about that, too.

Do come if you can.

More performances to be confirmed in due course!

J.H. Prynne (1936-2026)

Reposting here a piece which just appeared on the excellent online journal Little Mirror alongside Luke Roberts’ collection of Prynne memories. Many thanks to the editors. A longer and more detailed piece on J.H. Prynne will follow elsewhere in due course.

The poet J.H. Prynne died last Wednesday morning.

Jeremy was important to a whole host of us down the generations, for a whole host of reasons: politically, personally, and above all, poetically. For his avant-gardism; for his careful, critical, ethical attention to the specifities of poetic language; for his unorthodox Maoism, however that was understood; for his personal kindness and encouragement; for the kinds of permission his work opened up. Of the poems written during the period I knew him, the most important to me remains the life-work summary of Kazoo Dreamboats, written during the era of the financial crisis through the lens of Piers Plowman’s societal vision, via modern scientific textbooks, ancient funeral rites, and Maoist dialectics. A particularly treasured memory is Jeremy’s reading of a substantial portion of this poem to the student occupation of Lady Mitchell Hall, Cambridge in November 2011, alongside the veteran feminist campaigner and author Selma James. Insisting on making this a poem which could speak to the occasion and the political struggle, without compromising the fierce difficulty of the work itself, the reading was forceful and moving. When he read out the line “Rule One: people with top pay are rubbish”, the room was electrically charged, a charge that seemed to come both from the poem and to enter into the poem from outside. What I learned from this moment was that the poem itself does not change its context, nor does the context change the poem: but that their dialectical relation adds something to both.

Poster for the event hosted by Cambridge Defend Education at which J.H. Prynne read from Kazoo Dreamboats, 27 November 2011

Other works from these years that I treasure: the “bruised compassionate dismay” of Of ^. the ^. Abyss, a pamphlet I had the honour of publishing, which overlays Victorian child cruelty and the present migrant crisis; and the enquiry into the entanglement of British imperialism with poetic song in Parkland: a complex, insistent and direct enquiry into how the poet can sing when empire starves those other “fair field full of folk” elsewhere; a poem which movingly and deeply wants to believe in the possibility of poetry as lyric joy, but is totally lacking illusion about poetry as salvation; a poem that ask how the poet can go on singing their song when that song gets conscripted as the national anthem; that treats poetry with a near-devotional cast, yet radically questions whether poetry is morally complicit with corrupt orderings, if not actively harmful, then at least insufficiently attentive to or able to frame harm; a poem concerned with a national verse tradition, that ruthlessly interrogates the bases behind that tradition in the interests of a fervent, anti-imperialist internationalism; a poem rigorously dialectical, as dialectic is a practice of dialogue and question in origin, but as it is also the ruthless criticism of all that exists, and the very conditions for that questioning.

Cover to J.H. Prynne, Parkland (Critical Documents, March 2020)

Language is no innocent playground, yet the ludic is important to Jeremy’s late work (much of it published by Ian Heames’s Face Press), with its insistence that contemplation, play, and purposive activity be not separated. I love, too, the playful and unsettling rhyming poems of Snooty Tipoffs, the dense compaction of Al Dente, the fables and orchards and tales and streams of language that are the river all those late books swim. But maybe most of all I love the text ‘No Universal Plan for a Good Life’, a didactic summary in clear prose of the ethical position Jeremy believes poetry to hold, written for the context of people’s struggle in Nepal. I treasure both the text itself and the act of imaginative extension and solidarity it performs. And this is what I want to hold onto, about J as a person and about his work, this act of imaginative solidarity, this absolute belief in the power of poetry, this ethical rigour, this thinking through of the question of spirit and matter, this permission and this belief that poetry matters. I think I’ll carry that with me throughout my life. I hope I do so.

At play and at work there in language, into which he has now gone—at play and at work and now and then at rest—a life.

Wednesday 22 April 2026

Abstractive

Very pleased to announce the publication of Abstractive, a new collaboration between myself and Candace Hill Montgomery, begun in Sag Harbor in 2024 and just published by Further Other Book Works. It’s been an honour to collaborate and many thanks are due also to publishers CJ Martin and Julia Drescher. Please see the publisher’s announcement below for more details.

 

Candace Hill Montgomery & David Grundy

Abstractive

ISBN: 9780998460703
142 pages
Full Color Paperback
$34.95
April 2026

Buy Now

Praise for Abstractive:

“For Russell Atkins, the ‘psychovisualist’ composes structured relationships that can be viscerally felt by the mind’s eye. In Abstractive, readers learn to lean on the way those structures snare hidden connections: between visual and language arts, music and emotion, and everyone out there searching for the ancient heavenly connection. We are on the cusp.”—Craig Dworkin, author of Radium of the Word: A Poetics of Materiality

“Here is vivacious visual and textual collaboration where melodic lines act as a counterpoint of philosophic riffing so that signification is expansively flung open delivering vantage points galore, tantalizing consciousness. ‘Form sets off everywhere’. We are treated to a cacophony in words accompanied by intense, colorful images. Candace Hill Montgomery and David Grundy conjure the living legacy of Russell Atkins and the results are exquisite!”—Brenda Iijima, author of Presence

“Candace Hill Montgomery and David Grundy set off a collaborative sensory sweep via these polyphonic and polyrhythmic poems, ‘ensorcellating’ an expansive tonality playing within and around image and word. These poems seek a mental music that ‘avoids fitting into the chord,’ ‘innuendoewing’ around the breakage of each eroding word. We are borne through the revelation of a doubled ‘mind in flight’: poetry as ongoing, unceasing dialogic process. Following Candance Hill Montgomery’s incredible long poem, Short Leash Kept On (Materials 2022), this is a thrilling and essential work.”—Geoffrey Olsen, author of Nerves Between Song

About the Authors:

The work of Candace Hill Montgomery spans painting, photography, installation, assemblage, textiles and writing. Making and exhibiting since the 1970s, Hill Montgomery was born in 1945 in Queens, New York, and now lives and works in Bridgehampton, New York. In 2024, she presented a solo exhibition, Pretty Birds Peer Speak Sow Peculiar, at Blank Forms, New York. Recent group exhibitions include From the Studio: Fifty-Eight Years of Artists in Residence, Studio Museum in Harlem (New York, 2025); Here Is a Gale Warning: Art, Crisis & Survival, Kettle’s Yard (Cambridge, 2025) and Reluctant Gravities, Hollybush Gardens (London, 2024). Her latest publications include the collection Muss Sill (Distance No Object, 2020) and Short Leash Kept On (Materials, 2022), a long poem inspired by detective fiction and the writing of Lloyd Addison and Russell Atkins. In 2023, a major essay on her work, “Candace Hill-Montgomery, Against Containment” by Amy Tobin, was published in Art History, Volume 46. She is represented by Hollybush Gardens in London and will present her first solo exhibition with the gallery in June 2026.

David Grundy is a poet and scholar. He is the author of the critical books A Black Arts Poetry Machine: Amiri Baraka and the Umbra Poets (Bloomsbury, 2019) and Never by Itself Alone: Queer Poetry in Boston and San Francisco, 1944–Present (Oxford University Press, 2024); A True Account (The 87 Press, 2023), a book of poetry; and Present Continuous (Pamenar Press, 2022), a book of lyric essays; and co-editor, with Lauri Scheyer, of Selected Poems of Calvin C. Hernton (Wesleyan University Press, 2023). He runs the small press Materials.

Triumph of the outcasts, coming! (Preview)

As a subscriber post on Substack, this piece on a track from Adegoke Steve Colson’s and Iqua Colson’s album Triumph!, along with thoughts on survival, the outcast and, once more, the work of John Wieners.

Often, the poems that give consolation to others don’t always give consolation to the poet themselves, or the time of release is different. The renewal they offer wavers in its power. It saves some and not others, and sometimes it seems like it can save no one or do precisely nothing, but what matters is that it’s still there, if nothing else as testimony and record, as the poems of the martyrs in Gaza, as the poems of the shining martyrs Wieners saw in the queer poets of Boston, as in all the poems being written now, all the poems that have been written and that will be written, triumph of the outcasts, coming!

First Nettles, Earliest Persons (Preview)

On the Substack version of this site, a review of Dom Hale’s First Nettles and Jennifer Soong’s My Earliest Person, both published by the Last Books. As it’s a long post (6,000 words or so) it’s only available in full behind the Substack paywall. But some excerpts below:

“How did the earlier poets hold it together[?]” asks Hale in the wracked ode ‘Castor and Pollux’, which I first read in a draft from 2021, just this side of the pandemic. “what defence does a poet have?” Not so much a defence of poetry or poetry as defence, but poetry as defencelessness. (“a poets lot is morbid frailty”...) The poem’s epigraph is from Stephen Jonas’s own resplendent ode ‘Love, The Poem, The Sea’—“I shall / with doubt / bloom in my season”. Jonas himself died young, that doubt overwhelming him—the earlier poets, too often, unable to hold it together—but Hale takes the message of loving survival in Jonas’ poem seriously. For, for all their faults, what are we writing poetry for if we can’t learn something from the poems that have gone before us? 

 “I found a pied wagtail and it spokes to me”, writes Hale in a parenthetical aside shot through with a deep Romanticism, as Romanticism emerged during the privatisation of the commons and the beginning of the Capitalocene. A poem takes or borrows its material from the world, but the way it does this is the opposite of the extractivist logic that governs that world system. A refusal to extract, is what a poem is, or could be.

And:

In Soong’s poems, violence, forgiveness, love, exist beyond the theological register that still haunts the way we speak of them: “I say: what to do / with such forgiveness / of the unforeseeable?” Language betrays us: or we exceed it, it exceeds us. “we / leave behind what / we say we can’t”. “what is equal to more / than can be said”. To be equal to, to balance up, to come up with an equation that would solve things, would be one way: the well-made poem, rhyme as resolution, metre as an ordering of the normal disorder of speech. But poetry is not that. It overflows it, unbalances it: seeks instead, dialectically, to acknowledge imbalance and transformation. The poems move in the instability of that line break, that cut, as much as they move in the smoothing, soothing shell of enjambment, sound-pattern, echo. When our speech is choked off, we speak with stumbling fluency through that prohibition: it births our speech. We perform and refuse to move on and our desire is shared with others and others are internalised into us, this ensemble that is the poem. For

we get to where
we can't, having been
taught by the things in
each other.

Poems like Dom Hale’s and Jenn Soong’s sift through the grift, let it stick: not the fine details, but the jagged edges of feeling, which are a thousand small ridges, cuts, wounds, incisions on the break of a line, the placement of a comma, the absence of an apostrophe. Care in the scattering. [...] In our poems, our posts, our criticism: trying to find a form for these things we perhaps cannot even properly say to each other in conversation when we speak, these things we try to put our finger on, while the map moves beneath our pointing digits.

Recent writing elsewhere

Some recent writing elsewhere...

Pleased to have poems alongside good company in Michael Klausman's and Patrick Tillery's magazine Luigi Ten Co: a sequence called 'Axis and Orbit' and a prose poem from something in-progress...

Thanks to Florence Uniacke for producing this beautiful pamphlet, Two for Notley, for the Cafe Oto summer fair, with proceeds going to the new trans health centre at House of Annetta.

One of the two texts in the pamphlet is an extended version of a text that first appeared on this blog. And a different version of that text is also up at Little Mirror--thanks to Hunter, Jen and Allie.

Also out, a piece on Steven Belletto's extremely well-researched new biography of the great Ted Joans, Black Surrealist, over at The Poetry Foundation: "Nothing to Fear From the Poet but the Truth".

Finally, I've introduced a paid option for my Substack, same name as this blog, over at this link. A paid subscription gets you access to any posts over 1,000 words, which go behind a paywall. The Substack-ification of writing (and the way it negotiates the sphere of paid writing, traditional media, precaritisation of readers and writers alike) is perhaps something to be ambivalent about, but it is, at least, a platform...

What is a reading? John Wieners at Brooklyn College

Just up on Penn Sound—part of a bumper crop of recently-digitized recordings from the Eric Mottram archives—a 1988 reading by John Wieners, hosted by Allen Ginsberg at Brooklyn College, and split into two parts here and here. “Reading” here is not so much noun—a discrete recitation of a set of poems—as verb, Wieners reading aloud from a book, extemporising, elongating, truncating, extending. The book in question appears to be the author’s copy of the then-recently published Black Sparrow Selected Poems, into which he’d collage various images and text fragments. Within the first few sentences, we’ve had text from bodybuilder Charles Atlas about “what it means to be a man”, a mention of the nowadays obscure poet Jean Garigue, displacing the Beat lore Ginsberg tries to extract from Wieners when he mentions their first meeting in New York; a discourse where a character from a film—a bit of digging reveals it to be the war film Candlelight in Algeria—is juxtaposed with a novelist, a poet, and so on: a giant, collaged ensemble.

It’s of a piece with the turn Wieners’ work takes in the ’70s, exemplified in his magnum opus of that period, Behind the State Capitol: disavowing the self through collaging devices, reading-through his own and others’ work without indication, a surface in language jagged and dazzling, scattering clues and then retreating. In this there are echoes of his poetic comrade Bob Kaufman—like Wieners, championed by the inexhaustible Raymond Foye, who helped shepherd work resistant to book publication into texts that could be read by others.1 Kaufman would suddenly speak poetry in the middle of a conversation, improvising off the many poems of his own and others he’d retained in his head. Yet, while Wieners’ Brooklyn College reading often obscures whose words are being spoken and what is being read, he also deploys a-near excessive identification of source. Flicking at will across the book, sometimes reading only a line or two at a time, he identifies each page number, though by the time whoever reading along has turned to the relevant place, he’s off somewhere else, frustrating his host Ginsberg’s bid to keep up and keep track of all the references. In some cases, he even reads out the punctuation, as in these lines from the 1970 poem ‘Consolation’: “It’s best not to think too much. What awaits but death, question mark. A long life of misery, comma.”

In Delirious Verse, a talk on versification recently published by The Last Books, Amelia Rosselli claims that “sound was once so close to the written sign that people wrote without spaces between words”. Wieners treats the normally invisible notational frame of punctuation as part of the spoken text itself, establishing distance in the middle of immediacy. Likewise, when he reads flashes of his more famed, emotionally wrenching lyrics, his voice speeds up and his tone becomes hard to place—sarcastic, or a kind of sigh, as if he can’t wait to get to the ends of the words, which he has to read them, but wants to render incomprehensible. As such, it’s an anti-lyrical gesture. Yet at other points, Wieners whispers, barely audible. And isn’t one of the classic definitions of lyric poetry talking to oneself in public? Wieners is still reading, but not to us, perhaps not even to himself. Selving and un-selving. (“For the voices”, as the dedication to the 1964 collection Ace of Pentacles goes.)

But this is a reading at a college: the event is supposed to have a pedagogical function, something of which Ginsberg, with his history at Naropa, is keenly aware, interjecting to ask for clarification—what exactly is Wieners reading now?—entreaties Wieners gently brushes off, at one point waspishly remarking, “you should call the embassy and tell them you’re Allen Ginsberg and they’ll translate it for you”. But Wieners doesn’t refuse interpretation, though “it’s best not to think too much”. Misreading a phrase as “heartbreak libertarian”, Wieners wonders “who would that be? Jack Spicer?” (His devastating 1965 elegy for Spicer, ‘Hotel Blues’, opens: “Pass by this room, stranger / Heartbreak hides within it.”) This additive approach nonetheless continually calls back to memories of the past, of poets and lovers who are gone yet live on in the poems’ haunted shell: a constellation of references subject to melancholic improvisation. This may be an inability to move on, yet it, too, is a kind of transformation of loss, perhaps at times even a triumphant one, keeping the dead alive.

This is not an easy listen. It refuses the pathos and heartbreak of Wieners’ earlier work. Like Kevin Killian, interviewing Wieners in San Francisco a couple of years later, Ginsberg tries to keep up and give the audience some way in, while Wieners speaks on associatively in a barrage of names, always at an oblique angle to the question (there is a relation, but it might take a few minutes of puzzling to work out exactly what it is.)2 There’s no literary-critical guidebook for how we experience this—and how it’s inflected by our knowledge of Wieners’ biography, of the toll of drugs, heartbreak, psychiatric incarceration. At one point, Wieners refers to the Selected Poems as a “cookbook”. We may not know what the ingredients are, but it’s up to each reader to implement the recipe. As readers, we too, have to improvise. Along the way, some our fundamental assumptions about a reading, what is, what it’s for, poetry, what it is, what it’s for, are at stake.

The imminent reissue of Behind the State Capitol from The Song Cave is eagerly awaited!

1

See Foye’s work on Kaufman’s The Ancient Rain and the 2020 Kaufman Collected Poems, and on Wieners’ Black Sparrow Books, Selected Poems and Cultural Affairs from Boston.

2

The Penn Sound website doesn’t allow external embedding, but scroll down to the March 1990 Cloud House Poetry Archive video embedded here. The image at the top of the post is taken from this video.

“I say ‘I’”: Alice Notley (1945-2025)

 There’s no such thing as nothing, Alice Notley says she told her friend Anselm Hollo as he was dying. And because there’s no nothing, when we die, “there’s no nothing to go to”. Even in death, it’s impossible for us to disappear, even though we are no longer there. “When we die, we talk to one another and thereby hold the cosmos together. The only possible thing that’s holding everything together is communication [...] That’s all there is”.

And so when we die, “we become communication”. For Notley, it’s poetry, the poem itself through which we can access that form of apparently impossible communication, that language existing beyond whatever individual speaker produced it, whatever individual used it; beyond sender and recipient, speaker and listener, addresser or addressee: what a person was condensed into words, the Word, or at once condensed and dispersed. Communication in its etymology means to share out or divide, scattered like the limbs of Osiris. This is not a smoothed-over whole, but a broken one, a hole, its signals flickering on the edge like radio transmissions through static. Notley’s work in recent years has so often addressed ghosts or the dead, a one-way traffic where only one speaker is alive (‘At Night the States’ being a shining example) or in the late work moving beyond any speaker altogether, any I, even if “I say ‘I’ so you can understand me”. In For the Ride, Notley tries to write as if in a new language that is in the middle of being invented. “It’s always mutating, always”, she explained. “The object throughout is to create a language with no gender references and in the present”. Or “the voice”, she wrote, “is always stronger than I am”—a voice in voices, in pieces, a multi-voiced voice, a channel—even as that work became more and more singular, more and more a kind of poetry that only she could or would write. It was if she’d become one with poetry, downloaded her brain into the poem, a friend says. Or: writing as if you’re already dead or a ghost is a way is keeping yourself alive. Poetry, communication is alive with or without sender and receiver, and so Alice Notley is alive because language is alive, a way of keeping things alive, even at a time when language is increasingly weaponized to justify murder, everyday murder and hatred.

And whose language, and what language, the depredations and declarations and ubiquitous assumptions of English, that global form; what histories that catch in those long lines from which visions emerge? Perhaps it was leaving the US that opened the historical scope of Notley’s poetry in this way, enabled it to access displacement or to figure itself as displaced. Or perhaps this happens from wherever you are. The languages of conquest and gendered violence that inform Alma, the everyday brutality of homelessness on New York subways that informs the underworld descent of Alette: visionary transformation here is not an escape from such histories—for, as Notley said, no poet has a right to forget grief or poverty—but it is an insistence that poetry is a real place, though an impossible one, to surmount them. All elsewhere help us to understood a here, and in attending to the cracks of what is here we might glimpse an elsewhere. That’s the dream tradition, the visionary tradition, into which she was writing, the condition of epic.

Today, especially when poetry is more than ever devalued, to live there may be almost unliveable but it is also the only place the poet feels that they can live. For going out as this far into faith in poetry or language is a lonely place, as Notley knew. Dwelling on the past, on mourning, lost loves, the murdered women of Alma, she also projected into that sci-fi future we find in For the Ride. Ghosts, the figure of the past, and aliens, the figure of the future, both becomes presences in the now of the poem (and here I hear too Jack Spicer’s “spooks” and “Martians”). But paradoxically, that loneliness opens out into a collective far grander and greater than the shrunken norm of the well-made poem or other such de-boned, de-politicized, de-poeticised understandings of what poems are and what they can do. Notley turned to her own variant on the epic form as a way to go beyond the limits of the bounded I, the poem as truncated autobiography or CV, but she did this precisely by going into the self, “to find out what the self was, what was permanent or impermanent in myself”. To dive deep into the I, the unconscious; to dive so deep that you go beyond it, below it, oceanic; where life begins and where it ends, cosmic. It’s hard to come up from there, “my life forgotten from sleep or / the unconscious which must rise up / wounded from the escape, dripping blood.” “Jack would speak through the imperfect medium of Alice”: to be a medium, to channel those voices, to enter that realm of communication that the dead have become, to be haunted is to be possessed by a voice not your own. As Notley knew, that’s merely the condition of language itself, the place we all inhabit everyday. But most of us tune that out, imagine that we’re speaking from or of a stable self, that we make what we’re given. The poem, as Notley hears it, refuses to do so. One can never close one’s ear.

“At night the states / whistle. Anyone can live.” Which is, as the poem knows, at once promise and not enough. You can hardly hear the tune beneath all the broken martial music, the war parades, the bombs and drones and screams, the noise. You have to hear the tune in the noise, the noise in the tune. In one of her last interviews, Notley says that poetry doesn’t just address other poets or other artists, it addresses the entire universe.

It’s not made for other artists. It never is. Sometimes they’re the only people who are your audience in the now, but actually you are talking to everyone who ever existed and will exist and whatever planets and non-planets there are outside of this planet. You’re talking to everything. Poets just have to trust the future.

Poetry, in this understanding, is for the universe, for every star, for every blade of grass, for every syllable—as a syllable, too, is part of the universe, as a poem too, is a part of the universe, beyond its poet, as a poem and its poet never dies. Alice Notley knew that I is an other and that that is the beginning, one of the beginnings, of revolution, and that sometimes the only place where the revolution lives is in poetry, and that that is not enough, but that it is what she was given: I and not I, Alice Notley and the communication, the voice, the poem with which she is now definitively joined, that which holds the cosmos together, that which she has now definitively become.

Recent Poems Read

--Asha Puthli on ‘What Reason Could I Give’.

 

--Christa Wolf on dividing skies.

--Jayne Cortez telling us that ‘There it is’.

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It’s been a while since I’ve done this, so just some reports on some of the latest books to have made their way from the letterbox onto my table, where the shelves have run out of space and the piles continue to pile up. First up, a package in the mail from Michael Klausman and Patrick Tiller’s Colorado-based wry press, continuing their acts of unexpected and pleasing acts of careful recovery and shepherding into print. 

The Cobra King is a small, posthumous book of poems by Oswell Blakeston, whose pseudonym contracts the two names of Osbert Sitwell, or reads, alternatively, as “o swell”. A former drinking buddy of Dylan Thomas (“mouse” to Thomas’s “rat”, so the preface tells us), Blakeston was very much part of the British modernist scene from the 1920s on, though he remains under the radar: among other things he made what is reportedly the first abstract film, watched by Buñuel, wrote prolifically for the important film magazine Close-Up, and was a key part of the circle around Bryher; as well as his involvement in film, he was a painter, a writer of cookbooks, travel books (one of which saw him banned from Salazar’s Portugal), mystery novels and poems. Ian Young’s introduction—which recalls meeting Blakeston in a London pub while editing his gay poetry anthology The Male Muse in the early seventies, and recalls among other things Blakeston’s outré anecdotes of the German dancer, performer and actor Valeska Gert—suggests that there were as many as one hundred books and chapbooks over the years. The Cobra King comes from typescript in the Harry Ransom archives in Austin: described by Blakeston as his “beefcake poems”, they’re short and pithy with a wicked streak, memories of queer love or lust, come-ons, put-downs, alternately melancholic and joyful. The pick of the bunch a free-verse couplet half-way down a poem: “Make love until / we have no faces”.

If the Blakestone book is petite, pocket size, Paolo Lionni’s Headlines is widescreen, the page stretching out to extend the long lines of Lionni’s mixed prose texts and poems, largely emerging from London’s countercultural milieux, and lovingly assembled by Klausman from various underground magazines and from the 1962 manuscript which gives the book its title, found in the papers of yet another neglected poet, Philip Lamantia. More links with the film underground around the likes of Piero Heliczer, including a prose text originally written as the script for an unrealized surrealist film set on an Italian train. As the title suggest, newspapers form an important source, in found text re- or de-contextualized or satirically paraphrased, along with more gnomic addresses to poets like Corso and Ginsberg. As the biographical note suggests, these were mainly the product of Lionni’s itinerant twenties, bursting with energy, and culminating in a kind of ecstatic manifesto, ‘To The Queen’ first published on the front page of the International Times in 1966 after a copy—collectively signed by, among others, Rosemary Tonks, Michael X, Harry Fainlight and Brian Patten—was sent to Buckingham Palace. In such work, as with Blakestone, poetry is perhaps one of many modes, not just of art, but of living: the scattered fragments of a life lived on the move, the very incompleteness and sometimes disjointed energies of the work are a part of its spirit, which tugs at the corners of the pages as if yearning to jump onto the street or road or boat once more.

Not an archival project, but recent poems: Ken Bluford’s Skip Tracing is the first full-length collection, following the collaboration with Tom Weatherly, Climate/Stream. Bluford was part of the scene around Middle Earth Books in Philadelphia, including Bockris-Wylie, hung out at the Poetry Project and Slug’s Saloon, and is, the bio note informs us, the brother of Guion Bluford, the first African-American astronaut in outer space. The 145 pages of poems here were largely first published as facebook posts, antidotes to the ever-shortening streams and screeds of today’s social media platforms and their intersections with the mendacities of US national (and international politics). Bluford instead offers wry, ironic or tender, measured reflection on a variety of subjects: here, for instance, the noirish Robert Mitchum western Blood on the Moon might make an appearance alongside Al Green or Charlie Patton. Bluford’s (non-exclusive) preference is for four-line stanzas, often capped off with an incisive couplet that introduces a new resolution or note of ambiguity, plentiful enjambment constantly moving the twists and turns of poetic thought against the interrupter or continuation of the line-break. The bio notes the way the poems combine the responsive nature of improvisation with the careful workings of form, elements that true students of improvisation knows are in no way incompatible—the paramount example, perhaps, Coltrane’s warp-speed working-through of patterns in ‘Giant Steps’, a track Bluford recalls from a street a few blocks away from where he lived and workshopped and woodshedded, as the “revolving drums” of a concrete mixer merge with a drumset, a Coltrane mural whose blues suggests waves of water or sound, across the stanza, a poem about keeping the memory alive as the mural fades--as one of the tasks of poetry is to keep a cultural memory that fades into nothing even in the very guise of being re-branded, re-marketed and sold on any number of online platforms. Poetry knows a history in the crevices, in the metaphorical association, the quick flash, that the poem taps into with a patient speed: not so much, perhaps, the famous breakneck up-tempo of the famous recording in which Coltrane suddenly calls double, triple, quadruple, quantum time, but one of the slower, earlier takes heard on the Heavyweight Champion boxset. (Not that ‘slower’ means slow.)

(The group’s conversation on the first alternate take, transcribed by Vijay Iyer and Steve Coleman. Coltrane opines “I don’t think I’m gonna improv this—I ain’t goin be sayin nothin, tryin just, makin the changes, I ain’t goin’ be tellin’ no story...Like, tellin them black stories.” “Shoot. Really, you make the changes, that’ll tell em a story.” “You think the changes are the story!” “Right, that’ll change all the stories”. “I don’t want to tell no lies!” “Changes themselves is some kind of story”. The melody, the chords, what rides both to twist away from it.)

One of the sharpest of the political poems, ‘Self-Defense Poem’, avoids the mode of elegy that many of the better-known poems emerging from Black Lives Matter and the Floyd Rebellion have adopted, instead deploying a mordant and incisive irony against the white-right-ring militias and their hysterical fears of antifa and black life, and the rewriting of cops as potential victims of assault who must shoot first, ask questions at the inquest. Imagining that they’ve shot a cop in pre-emptive ‘self-defense’, the poem concludes: “And if I was photographed having a drink or two // With fellas from Antifa with time to kill / Who’s to say this poem isn’t aimed at you”. The tone of world-weary—yet not resigned—wisdom, chastened compassion, or a quick and cutting take-down of the lies that justify continuing anti-black violence, calls to mind the later work, say, of Lorenzo Thomas, in Dancing on Main Street: sometimes in the pacing and tonality too I hear echoes of Bluford’s friend—and Thomas’s literary executor—Aldon Nielsen, who’s thanked in the acknowledgments, and who is himself on a streak of fine poetry books of late—the Selected Poems edited by JP Marcoux from Blazevox a couple of years back, and most recently, the recent book-length interview-cum-autobiography Memewars with E. Ethelbert Miller. Either way, Bluford’s is a very fine first full-length—at the age of 75!—and deserves the expanded set of readers I hope this publication will land it.

Following the trail, also from Blazevox and in the mail, is Edric Mesmer’s Tides that Don’t Perturb. As librarian at the University at Buffalo—he was an excellent host when I did archive research there in 2022—Mesmer has excellent knowledge of Buffalo’s literary and artistic lore, and a fine line in bibliographic research with the Among the Neighbors pamphlet series. Buffalo provides some of the referential landscape of these poems, including my favourite in the book, a tribute to Cornelius Cardew, who worked on the manuscript for Treatise while on a fellowship in the town in the sixties—the original version of the score published by Gallery Upstairs Press, who put out the chapbook Pressed Wafer by another temporary Buffalo resident, John Wieners, the same year. On that archive visit, my train out of town towards Massachusetts was delayed for over an hour, I think because of snow: at the station I met a couple who told me stories of the campus in the sixties, the architectural history of the town, a wealth of connections and cross-connections and a generous encounter that stayed with me, but I could never remember the names—until Edric identified them as Max Wickert and Katka Hammond just this past week. (A poem is dedicated to them in the book.) It’s connections like that, coincidences or dots joined up, that the poems specialize in, but that’s not their motivating method, more a part of their texture. The poems have something of the crossword puzzle to them, the pleasure of teasing out their careful and multiple allusions, often framed through classical mythology, but they also have the pleasurable spark of language that doesn’t need to be deciphered to be richly enjoyable, as the sound and play propel forward across Dickinsonian dashes—“trying to capture the cadence of thoughts, and ruptures”, as Edric puts it, in a time when thinking has become fragmentary and disjointed, to make the connections or leave them hanging there. During one of several memorial panels for Tyrone Williams at the Louisville Conference on Literature and Culture this past February, JP Marcoux talked about Tyrone’s use of the em-dash in relation to Fred Moten’s notion of the break, to the picket lines of a sanitation strike, as a pause or a connector which might reach across from life to death and back, an image I just can’t get out of my head: in Edric’s poems, I’m thinking of the em-dash as a bridge, a rope one perhaps, over the yawning abysses or tides that open up under us as we teeter forward into this bad new year. Like stumbling by chance into a talk on St Francis, staring at an aquarium, counting the syllables, moving ahead into the light.

Finally: from the other side of the Atlantic, Tom Crompton and Dom Hale, two thirds of the Poets Hardship Fund, have put together a beautiful petite chapbook from Tom and Alex Marsh’s Gong Farm called Mud Ramps. It’s a prose text of less than a dozen pages—eight to be precise, in fourteen paragraphs—and calling it a prose poem risks putting it too safely in a generic box, but it is in prose and it is fundamentally and committedly about poetry. Perhaps it’s more like an essay, but then, really, it’s a poem, or an essay, or both, in prose, but really, in language. It’s a petite book, with a lovely cover image by Amy Todman, printed at the Leeds Footprint Workers Co-Op, and that size, the modesty of scale speaks to its humility of ambition. It’s not small because it’s seeking to be a collector’s item but because that smallness of scale is where we can widen our view, slip it into our pocket or a letterbox, a carrier pigeon coming in off January winds to bring us a message for the turning of the year. The pamphlet has a polemical edge too—the text feels like a manifesto for our time—but the polemic has a generous edge, and it builds itself, not by defining an in- or out-group in the classic mode of the manifesto. This isn’t about building a movement or a group, but a manual for anyone to use. Like a poem it’s sometimes obscure in the best ways, and it’s in the obscurity that the clarity, really, is to be found: you feel it wandering on the edge, shaded by the landscapes of the north of England or elsewhere, their vocabulary—kerb, cairn, calyx moorsense, borage, scrim—echoing the work of Barry MacSweeney and Maggie O’Sullivan it’s informed by. (O’Sullivan, along with Stephen Rodefer, provides one of the epigraphs, opening up a world in just four words: “Poetry finds my life”.) A few years ago, in an interview broadcast, of all places, on Instagram, the late Jean-Luc Godard said that the Americans invaded Iraq in order to capture the birthplace of writing. I remembered it as him saying they wanted to invade Iraq in order to destroy language from its source. Either way, he’s being proved right as the swirl of banalized language in this era of Global English swallows itself up under the sign of Trump and Musk—what the opening page of Mud Ramps has this down pat in identifying as “the virtual extraction void”, “bot-language” the “devouring machines”. AI is no longer an early millennium sci-fi flop by Stephen Spielberg but the consuming future of warfare, our lives, as Europe rearms and the US inclines itself more and more to domestic neo-fascism. Once you start reading it’s tempting to quote every other line: the best thing, though is to read it yourself. Paraphrase dilutes the mellifluous fluency of its phrasing. But here’s a run-through, some tunes from amidst the overall flow of the song: plotting counter-landscapes, “inventing scales to measure”: the image of the tuning fork in the traffic, “remaking languages is always the first and last principle”, “it’s not freedom but discloses it”, the dissonance of collective life, Dorothy Wordsworth “hallucinating drills and airstrikes” and calling Tom Raworth on the phone to reflect on the making or destruction of landscape. And: the momentary and stupid beauty of the poem that becomes history, down crumbling lanes of the heart, “the ancient and futural horizons of poetry that emulsify all living writing with the brilliant dead”, and the penultimate sentence, what is at the text’s core—“so that who we are is really unimportant in the language”—as what a poet offers is an air that remains beyond the life or name that gave it breath. And so this text, its collective resonance, reverberation, something for the road, for the year ahead. I’m very grateful to have this and I recommend it highly!

 
~~

So ends the round-up. More to come on various things, including Theodore Harris and Amiri Baraka’s Our Flesh of Flames, out in expanded full colour reissue. Still wanting, too, to write on Elaine Mitchener’s stupendous record Solo Throat from last year, to finish off other manuscripts, other projects, tidying, collecting, sifting. More, in time, to be revealed, whatever the rest of March and beyond chooses to bring.