Wednesday, August 19, 2026

Tocqueville was certain that it was impossible to have liberty without democracy, but he worried that it was possible to have democracy without liberty

 

Better than any other liberal, Tocqueville understood the importance of ensuring that the collective business of society is done as much as possible by the people themselves, through voluntary effort, rather than by the government.

In line with its name, The Economist has been presenting six primers on the foundations and evolution of liberal thought, from John Stuart Mill to John Rawls, the latest an essay on De Tocqueville and the French exception.

The great question at the heart of Tocqueville’s thought is the relationship between liberty and democracy. Tocqueville was certain that it was impossible to have liberty without democracy, but he worried that it was possible to have democracy without liberty. For example, democracy might transfer power from the old aristocracy to an all-powerful central state, thereby reducing individuals to helpless, isolated atoms. Or it might make a mockery of free discussion by manipulating everybody into bowing down before conventional wisdom.

 … he was the first serious thinker to warn that liberalism could destroy itself. Tocqueville worried that states might use the principle of equality to accumulate power and ride roughshod over local traditions and local communities. Such centralisation might have all sorts of malign consequences. It might reduce the variety of institutions by obliging them to follow a central script. It might reduce individuals to a position of defencelessness before the mighty state, either by forcing them to obey the state’s edicts or making them dependent on the state’s largesse. And it might kill off traditions of self-government.

 … Tocqueville feared his own country might fall into the grip of just such an illiberal democracy, as it had in the Terror, under Maximilien Robespierre in 1793. The French revolutionaries had been so blinded by their commitment to liberty, equality and fraternity that they crushed dissenters and slaughtered aristocrats, including many members of Tocqueville’s family. His parents were spared, but his father’s hair turned white at 24 and his mother was reduced to a nervous wreck.

He was worried about more than just the bloodshed, which proved to be a passing frenzy. The power of the state also posed a more subtle threat. The monarchy had nurtured an over-mighty state, as French kings sucked power from aristocrats towards the central government.

 … By contrast, the United States represented democracy at its finest. Tocqueville’s ostensible reason for crossing the Atlantic, in 1831, was to study the American penal system, then seen as one of the most enlightened in the world. His real wish was to understand how America had combined democracy with liberty so successfully. He was impressed by the New England townships, with their robust local governments, but he was equally taken by the raw egalitarianism of the frontier.
Why did the children of the American revolution achieve what the children of the French revolution could not? The most obvious factor was the dispersal of power. The government in Washington was disciplined by checks and balances. Power was exercised at the lowest possible level—not just the states but also cities, townships and voluntary organisations that flourished in America even as they declined in France. The second factor was what he called “manners”. …

 … 

Of liberty and religion

America also had the invaluable advantage of freedom of religion. Tocqueville believed that a liberal society depended ultimately on Christian morality. Alone among the world’s religions, Christianity preached the equality of man and the infinite worth of the individual. But the ancien régime had robbed Christianity of its true spirit by turning it into an adjunct of the state. America’s decision to make religion a matter of free conscience created a vital alliance between the “spirit of religion” and the “spirit of liberty”. America was a society that “goes along by itself”, as Tocqueville put it, not just because it dispersed power but because it produced self-confident, energetic citizens, capable of organising themselves rather than looking to the government to solve their problems.

Sleeping on a volcano

He was not blind to the faults of American democracy. He puzzled over the fact that the world’s most liberal society practised slavery, though, like most liberals, he comforted himself with the thought that it was sure to wither. He worried about the cult of the common man. Americans were so appalled by the idea that one person’s opinion might be better than another’s that they embraced dolts and persecuted gifted heretics. He worried that individualism might shade into egotism.

 … Increasingly, China embodies everything that Tocqueville warned against: power centralised in the hands of the state; citizens reduced to atoms; a collective willingness to sacrifice liberty for a comfortable life.

The full collection

primers
Liberalism
In six primers, we explain the foundations and evolution of liberal thought, from John Stuart Mill to John Rawls.

Thursday, August 13, 2026

"In practice, you know we [men] are the subjects [of] the despotism of the petticoat" (John Adams, 1776): A Beloved 1860 Lincoln Story Turns Out to Be a Damning Indictment of Women's Participation in Elections


Has it ever occurred to you that one of the stories about Abraham Lincoln most revered for cuteness turns out, actually, to be a fairly damning indictment of women participation in politics not to mention of the nineteenth amendment?

In the wake of the numerous victories by socialists, Glenn Reynolds quotes Kyle Smith ("Don't underestimate the value of looks. El-Sayed won in part because he's good-looking. Mamdani won in large part because he's cute.") and links to the far more damning assessment of The Patriarch Tree:

The Party of College Educated White Folks Craving Swarthy Foreign Guys — it’s not really about health care policy or “affordability” or whatever. @TheDemocrats are now a BDSM cult organized around some kind of weird masochistic Mandingo fetish.

Let us go through the history of one country, the United States, and see to what extent women have suffered under the of oppression of men and their "toxic" hyper masculinity — along with how men have neglected the wisdom of females.

Notice that there are two facets to the issue here: A) that far from being excluded from society — at least political society — women certainly had their voice to share; and B) their propensity for choosing a good candidate for a good reason is highly to be desired.

What follows is a couple of stories — one of them famous — in which many would say the tendency to vote for looks (even over half a century before women has the vote) turned out to be rather positive. Still, there is a problem when looks seem to be the only value one species is looking for.

In his book about "Danish blood in the American Civil War", To War for Lincoln (I Krig for Lincoln: Dansk Blod i den Amerikanske Borgerkrig), Anders Bo Rasmussen quotes some of the letters written by a Danish-American chief quartermaster after the Battle of Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern).

In Arkansas one finds "the most beautiful women" one has ever seen, wrote Captain Ferdinand Winsløw during his unit's occupation of Batesville.  He said that he and several Northern officers managed to "convert several sessesh ladies" to the Union cause, thanks less to their weapons than to their "good looks."

Voters converting to Lincoln or to the Union cause? Because of what? Because one or several of them is/are (more) handsome? Again, a good thing in this particular case (at least in my eyes) — but hardly what you want in a voter.

Let's take America's most famous president, and concentrate on two aspects — from 1860 and from 1858. Although the story of a little girl writing to Abraham Lincoln asking him to grow a beard is well-known (probably less so in today's school system), the content of the letter is clearly overlooked, as is its significance — which turns out to be: nothing less than astounding. 

What does it say for women's oppression versus men's allegedly ignoring of the females in their lives when an 11-year-old Grace Bedell can write the following letter?

I will try and get the [all four of my brothers] to vote for you you would look a great deal better for your face is so thin. All the ladies like whiskers and they would tease their husbands to vote for you and then you would be President.

The wives and the daughters can, and do, "tease" their husbands and their brothers to vote for their preferred candidate (and that only on the basis of their looks)?!  Whether it is the women themselves voting or their menfolk following their instructions, what does that say for about their participation in the electoral process, not to mention about the independence of men along with the latters' alleged oppression of the female sex?!  Although in this case, the result of the optics turned out to be rather positive — with the victory of Abe Lincoln — one can hardly deny that it still puts a huge question mark on women's participation in elections and politics.




A couple of years earlier, during the Lincoln-Douglas debates (attended by entire families, i.e., with both men and women present along with their children), the pro-Railsplitter banner at one of the rallies read 

Westward the star of empire takes its way — 
the girls link-on to Lincoln, their mothers were for Clay

The Republican procession into Charleston, Illinois, for the 4th debate on September 18, 1858, was lead by a band, followed by a carriage carrying Old Abe, followed immediately after by 32 girls (one for each state) in a "mammoth car" draped in white silk and muslin, bedecked with wildflowers, and emblazoned with the Lincoln enscription above ("Westward thy star of Empire takes its way" is the way another report had it, "thy Girls Link-on for Lincoln / Their Mothers were for Clay"), followed in turn by a maiden on horseback with a sign "Kansas — I will be free" along with an endless line of teams "filled with men, women, and children" extending behind them "across the prairie as far as the eye could reach" in a cloud of dust.

What possible reason could there have been to use a sign (not to mention the 32 young girls) underlining which candidates were favored by a significant number of American women, of all ages, in the current generation as in the previous generation, were for, if it wasn't the fact that their opinion had (a lot of) significant value?
 
Let us go further back (almost four score and seven years earlier), to the American Revolution:  One letter written during the Spring of 1776 as the Constitutional Convention prepared to cut all ties with Britain is often taught to schoolchildren in shortened form: Abigail Adams's admonition from Massachusetts to her husband in Philadelphia to "Remember the Ladies." 

In her letter written three months before the signing of the Declaration of Independence, the wife of John Adams writes that

"in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. … That your sex are naturally tyrannical is a truth so thoroughly established as to admit of no dispute."
What is much more rarely taught to schoolchildren is the reaction of John Adams, and no wonder, since it turns out to be… a bout of hilarity:
"I cannot but laugh … Depend upon it, we know better than to repeal our masculine systems. Although they are in full force, you know they are little more than theory. We dare not exert our power in its full latitude. We are obliged to go fair and softly, and, in practice, you know we are the subjects. We have only the name of masters, and rather than give up this, which would completely subject us to the despotism of the petticoat"

"In practice, you know we are the subjects"!

Doesn't that sound like a far cry from the women as oppressed class, not liberated until, at the very earliest, the 19th amendment in 1920?!

No wonder that Sarah Hoyt writes that

THE US IS THE FIRST MATRIARCHY TO CLAIM THAT WOMEN NEED LIBERATION

As for Sigmund Freud (of all people), during his 1909 (and only) visit to the United States, the father of psychoanalysis complained that American women “lead the men around by the nose, make fools of them, and the result is a matriarchy … In Europe, things are different. Men take the lead. That is as it should be.”

In any case, if we are to listen to a great deal of Americans of the 19th century as well as of the 18th century (female as well as male), then it seems that the whole women/wives-victims-of-the-evil-men/husbands is not only highly overblown but is in most cases close to 180º false. And — to say the least — their capacity for judgment in voting can only be described, at least much of the time, as: highly dubious.

Again, John Adams: "… in practice, you know we are the subjects [;] repeal[ing] our masculine systems […] would completely subject us to the despotism of the petticoat."

Update: In The Goddess That Failed: Feminism's Unending War against Men, Families, and Civilization Itself, Janice Anne Fiamengo writes in the foreword (free on Amazon and on Substack's Fiamengo File, thanks to ADJ) that

Feminism poses a threat to everything good in western culture, perhaps especially to women’s capacity to love, reason, and exercise self-restraint.

I was an adherent of feminism before I became a critic. 

 … Unlike others who have criticized feminism’s excesses, I contend that although there are some moderate feminists, there was never a moderate feminism inspired by reasonable goals and untainted by anti-male fanaticism. Feminism did not go wrong at some point in history, whether after the Second Wave or before, whether in anti-sex or pro-sex zeal. It was always rooted in resentment and envy, warped by utopian longings and false notions of female moral superiority.

Decades of feminist grievance-mongering and accusation have led inevitably to our present time of ceaseless complaints, anti-western causes, hysterical accusation, rampant divorce, a declining birthrate, millions of abortions, and anti-male cruelty. Feminism has undermined and will continue to undermine the stability and viability of all western societies. 

True, there are many varieties of feminism, not all of them agreeing on every point: … Such distinctions do not concern me because none makes a real difference.

None escapes the victim mentality: the belief that the history of humanity up until the present moment has been a history of (privileged, white) men oppressing women and other innocent victims; and that because of their alleged greater suffering and moral innocence, particular care and attention must be paid to women and to their unique capacity for empathy and social justice.

No version of feminism escapes the binary logic whereby the world is divided up into (sometimes intricate, overlapping) categories of oppressor and oppressed, victim and victimizer, to be treated differently and valued differently according to their identity category.

Because it thinks in terms of groups and divides the world into innocent and guilty, feminism is incapable of devising universal principles or pursuing individual fairness or freedom. It is distorted by its victim thinking, incapable of extending empathy to those feminists see as oppressors, and incapable of demanding accountability from those feminists see as victims.

 … The notion that men have always had a good time and women always suffered as a result of men’s actions is of long standing. Perhaps it is even embedded in female psychology as part of an ancient survival mechanism. Also baked into our cultural fabric is the tendency of women to sympathize more with other women than with men; and of men to sympathize more with women than with other men.

These natural proclivities on the part of both men and women provided fertile ground in which feminist ideas about blame and innocence could take strong root, stirring up women’s anger and resentment, provoking men to self-doubt and shame.

Beginning in the eighteenth century in the west, women spoke and wrote vehemently about how their men had betrayed them, and men turned against their fellow men in disgust, anxious to show that they were not a party to the betrayal. 

In the nineteenth century and even more strongly in the twentieth, men were easily persuaded to support laws and programs to benefit women even when those programs disadvantaged men. The history of affirmative action tells of decades during which white men have accepted overt, unjust discrimination almost without a murmur.

Even today, over a century after women achieved full legal equality with men and half a century after the implementation of affirmative action hiring programs as well as ceaseless female empowerment campaigns, many women are still angry and many men are still trying to make amends. 

It must be stopped. … It’s unlikely that non-feminist women alone will be able to defeat their crazy feminist sisters. This will have to be a joint venture between men and women, firm in its resolve, clear-eyed about the stakes, unshaken by public shaming or self-doubt.



Tuesday, August 11, 2026

FLAGRANT Racial Violence: You Still Haven't Seen the Most Shocking Thing in the Cunningham Foul — It Is Carrington's Flabbergasted Reaction to Being Found Guilty (Video)

"I'd be stunned if it's not upgraded to a Flagrant 2" says one ABC correspondent speaking about the defensive foul played on Sophie Cunningham

"By all precedents we have seen in this league, prior to that foul, you would have to believe it's going to be upgraded to a Flagrant 2," replies the other as both agree throughout the ABC video that in the WNBA there is no cause for a different interpretation. "It's an obvious fault. anyone who has seen this league, and any other prior flagrants, would tell you, as soon as they saw a replay of that, that was going to be a Flagrant 2." (Thanks for the the InstaLink, Sarah.)

It was obvious to everyone, says the ABC speakers. Obvious, that is, except by DiJonai Carrington herself. Speaking of "stunned," the most stunning thing is DiJonai Carrington's reaction to the Umpires' decision. As the referee speaks in the Women Hooping's ABC video at 3:30 (see below): the incredulous White Supremacy accuser is flabbergasted, her mouth and eyes wide open in disbelief for half a minute (between 3:41 and 4:18; although the girl in yellow behind her is even more in jaw drop shock—click on the top photo and look to the right). Probably DiJonai thought treating a white player thusly was all alright in the glorious fight of wokeness against "white supremacy."
.  
Two X posts referenced by Ed Driscoll bring a whole lot of light on the WNBA story

Matt Walsh points out that what is really incredible is
that there’s just outright racial violence happening in the WNBA. Every men’s professional sports league has black and white players and they aren’t having these problems. Remember this the next time a feminist tells you women should rule the world because they’re more peaceful and empathetic or whatever.
Meanwhile, you can count on David Burge's @iowahawkblog to set the story straight 
with what Billy C calls "JK Rowling-level trolling. Just exceptional":
In short this is not a women's sports league. It's a joyless, angry, violent, race obsessed non-stop 2018 Oberlin struggle session filled with entitled lunatics unable to survive without someone else picking up the bill. They whine when they don't get attention, and whine 10x harder when they do. They whine hardest about the problematic "new fans" who quadrupled their pay, tripled their TV audiences, 10x-ed their franchise valuations, got them charter jets, and staved off their inevitable bankruptcy for 10 years or so. 
 
I sincerely hope they achieve their dream of exorcising themselves of CC and all those dreaded "new fans," and return to their beloved Paradise Lost of half-empty 1000 seat high school gyms attended by girl fight fetishists with giveaway tickets printed on Subway Sandwich receipts.

And how do far-left radicals (male or female), such as Virginia's Abigail Spanberger, manage to make inroads in various by-elections in the past years? Only thanks to women voters. Never forget how George Orwell characterized the species in his novel 1984

“It was always the women, and above all the young ones, who were the most bigoted adherents of the Party, the swallowers of slogans, the amateur spies and nosers-out of unorthodoxy.”

Saturday, August 08, 2026

If Ever Congratulations Are in Order, It Is Today — Celebrating a Silver Jubilee for Instapundit


Congratulations to Instapundit on reaching the magical age of 25. It is, it must be, hard to imagine it has been a quarter century. (If you are of a curious nature and would like a brief summary of the main message in every one of its tens of thousands of posts, it can perhaps be distilled in the meme below.) 

It had slipped my mind that the weblog (as we called them then) opened only a month before 911. Within half a decade, or perhaps even earlier, Instapundit had become the foremost conservative blog (as we call them now) in the nation — and even on the planet. Speaking of which: Do you remember the name that Glenn Reynolds was called about two decades ago? The blogfather. 

Update: For more historical facts (and perhaps nostalgic memories), do check out the GR Substack's Thoughts on the 25th Anniversary of InstaPundit